Narration: Direct and Indirect speech in English and Hindi with exercise

Narration

Any statement of any user is known as narration.
किसी की कही हुई बात को narration कहा जाता है|

Example:-
She said, “He wants this bat.”

Jalal said, “I eat a mango.”

There are two types of narration.
Narration दो प्रकार के होते हैं 

1.     Direct Speech

2.     Indirect Speech

Direct Speech: Any statement of any user is said as it, is called direct speech.
किसी की कही हुई बात को हु-ब-हु कह दिया दिया जाये direct speech कहलाता है |

Example:-
Ram said, “I am waiting.”
She says, “He will dance.”
Jawed said, “I can do this.”

                         Direct Speech

Indirect Speech: Any statement of any user is not said as it, is called indirect speech.

किसी की कही हुई बात को हु-ब-हु न कहा जाए indirect speech कहलाता है

Example:-
Ram said that he was waiting.
She says that he will dance.
Jawed said me that he could do that.

Reporting Verb: The verb of the first part of sentence of direct speech is called reporting verb.
Direct speech में sentence के पहले part के verb को  reporting verb कहा जाता है
 

Example:-
Ram said, “I am busy.”

     Reporting verb

He said, “I have gone to Patna.”

Reported Speech: The second part of the sentence of direct speech in which something has been told is called reported speech.
Direct speech में sentence के दुसरे part को reported speech कहा जाता है
 

Example:-
Ram said, “I am busy.”

                   Reported Speech
He said, “I have gone to Darbhanga.”

General Rules

There are three types of general rules.

   1. Change of Person

22. Change of Tense

33. Change of Other Parts of Speech

Change of Person

1	2	3
S	O	N

1= 1^st person                     S= Subject
2= 2^nd person                    O= Object
3= 3^rd person                     N= No change

1^stperson changes according to Subject.
1^st person subject के अनुसार परिवर्तन होता है
 

Example:-
He said, “I am busy.”

He said that he was busy.

2^ndPerson changes according to object.
2^nd person object   के अनुसार परिवर्तन होता है 
 

Example:-
He said to me, “You are a good student.”

He told me that I was a good student.

3^rdpersondoes not change.
3rd change नहीं होता है|
 

Example:-
Ram said, “He will play cricket.”

Ram said that he would play cricket.

Change of tense

Rule 1. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, tense of the reported speech will be also changed into past tense.
अगर reporting verb past tense में हो तो reported speech को भी past tense में change किया जाता है A

Example:-
Direct-He said, “I am unwell.”
Indirect-He said that he was unwell.

Rule 2. If the reporting verb is either in present or in future, tense of the reported speech is not changed.
अगर reporting verb present या  future tense में हो तो reported speech का tense change नहीं होता है A

Example:-
Direct-He says. “My brother is writing a letter.”
Indirect-He says that his brother is writing a letter.

    

•   A simple present becomes a simple past.

     Example:-
Direct-He said, “I am busy.”
Indirect-He said that he was busy.
Direct- She said, “I go to Patna.”
Indirect- She said that she went to Patna.

•    A present continuous becomes a past continuous.

      Example:-
Direct-They said, “We are playing cricket.”
Indirect-They said that they were playing cricket.

•     A present perfect becomes a past perfect.

      Example:-
Direct-Suraj said, “I have done this.”
Indirect-Suraj said that he had done that.

•    A present perfect continuous becomes a past perfect continuous.              
  Example:-

      Direct- He said to me, “I have been playing tennis.”
Indirect-He told me that he had been playing tennis.

•     A simple past becomes a past perfect.

      Example:-
Direct-Rohan said to me, “I went to Delhi.”
Indirect-Rohan told me that he had gone to Delhi.

•      A past continuous becomes a past perfect continuous.

      Example:-
Direct-Sita said to Geeta, “I was singing a song.”
Indirect- Sita told Geeta that she had been singing as song.

•      A past perfect doesn’t change.

      Example:-
Direct- She said, “I had gone to Patna.”
Indirect- She said that she had gone to Patna.

•      A past perfect continuous doesn’t change.

     Example:-

      Direct-We said to him, “We had been reading since 2/1/2016.”
Indirect- We told him that they had been reading since 2/1/2016.

Change of Other Parts of Speech

If the reporting verb in the past tense, the verb of the reported speech is not only changed but also other words of the reported speech are changed.
अगर reporting verb past tense में हो तो reported speech में कुछ parts of speech को भी change किया जाता है
Example:-
Direct- Zaid said, “I sang a song yesterday.”
Indirect- Zaid said that he had sung a song the previous day.

Remember this

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
This	That
These	Those
Now	Then
Ago	Before
Tonight	That night
Today	That day
Tomorrow	The next day
Yesterday	The previous day
Next week	The following week
Next day	The following day
Day after tomorrow	Two days after
Day before yesterday	Two days ago
Last night	The previous day
Hence	Thence
Thus	So
We	They

Kinds of Sentence in Narration.

   1.     Statement

   2.     Question

   3.     Command

   4.     Exclamation

Statement
Rules for statement

        i   1. Say/says/said/say to/says to/said to change into say/says/said/tell/tells/ told.
 

           Say/says/said/say to/says to/said to को say/says/ said/tell/tells/told में बदल दिया जाता है  

     ii.    2. 'That’ is used at the place of inverted comma (“…..”).
Inverted comma (“…..”) के बदले that का प्रयोग किया जाता है

Example:-
Direct- I say, “He will dance.”
Indirect-I say that he will dance.

Direct- Taiba says, “I read.”
Indirect-Taiba says that she reads.

Direct- I say to him, “I play cricket.”
Indirect- I tell him that I play cricket.

Direct- Isha says to Khusboo, “Ram plays.”
Indirect- Isha tells Khusboo that Ram plays.

Direct- He said, “I go to Patna.”
Indirect-He said that he went to Patna.

Direct-My mother said to me, “I am cooking food.”
Indirect- My mother told me that she was cooking food.

Question
There are two types of question.
Question दो प्रकार होते हैं 

                      i.            Yes-No Question

                     ii.            Wh-Question

Yes-No Question
Rules for Yes-No Question

a). Say/says/said/said to  changes into ask/asks/asked/asked.
Say/says/said/said to को ask/asks/asked/ asked में बदल दिया जाता है
b). ‘If’ or ‘whether’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Inverted comma के बदले  if या  whether  का प्रयोग किया जाता है
c). Question sentence is changed into assertive sentence.
Question sentence को  assertive sentence में बदल दिया जाता है
Example:-
Direct- Radha said to me, “Is it raining?”
Indirect- Radha asked me if it was raining.
Direct- Neeraj said to me, “Are you ill?”
Indirect- Neeraj asked me if I was ill.

Direct- They said to me, “Can you do this work?”
Indirect- They asked me whether I could do that work.

Direct- Diwakar said, “Does he have a pen?”
Indirect- Diwakar asked if he had a pen.

Wh-Question
 Rules for Wh-Question

     a)    Say/says/said/said to changes into ask/asks/asked/asked.
Say/says/said/said to को ask/asks/ asked/asked में बदल दिया जाता है

     b)    Question sentence changes into assertive sentence.
Question sentence को  assertive sentence में बदल दिया जाता है 

Example:-
Direct- Gautam said to Rahul, “What have you eaten?”
Indirect- Gautam asked Rahul what I had eaten.

Direct- Taiba asked, “Where is he going?”
Indirect- Taiba asked where he was going.

Direct- Diwakar says, “When will he come?”
Indirect- Diwakar says when he will come.

Command Sentence

There are three types of command sentence.
Command sentence तिन प्रकार के होते हैं  

    1.     Order

    2.     Request

    3.     Advice

Order
Rules for order

      a)    Said/said to changes into ordered.
Said/said to को ordered में बदल दिया जाता है 

     b)    ‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Inverted comma के बदले  to का प्रयोग किया जाता है 

Example:-
Direct- He said, “Bring a glass of water.”
Indirect-He ordered to bring a glass of water.

Direct- My father said to me, “Switch off the fan.”
Indirect- My father ordered to switch off the fan.

Request
Rules for request

      a)    Said/said to changes into requested.
Said/said to  को  requested में बदल दिया जाता है

      b)    ‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Inverted comma के बदले  to का प्रयोग किया जाता है

Example:-
Direct- Karn said, “Please help me.”
Indirect- Karn requested to help him.

Direct- Pallavi said to Anjali, “Please sing a song.”
Indirect- Pallavi requested Anjali to sing a song.

Advice
Rules for advice

     a) Said/said to changes into advised.
Said/said to को  advised में बदल दिया जाता है

      b)    ‘To’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Inverted comma के बदले  to का पयोग किया जाता है

Example:-
Direct- The doctor said to me, “Take medicine in time.”
Indirect- The doctor advised me to take medicine in time.
Direct- Azra said to Sadia, “Help the poor.”
Indirect- Azra advised Sadia to help the poor.

Negative Command

‘Not to’ is used at the place of inverted comma when reported speech is in negative sentence.
  जब reported speech negative sentence में हो तो  inverted comma के बदले  not to का प्रयोग किया जाता है

Example:-
Direct- The teacher said, “Don’t make a noise.”
Indirect- The teacher ordered not to make noise.

Direct- Neeraj said to Vikash, “Don’t go out.”
Indirect- Neeraj advised Vikash not to go out.

Exclamation
Rules for exclamation

      a)    ‘Said/said to’ changes into exclaimed with joy/sorrow/contempt/anger/ surprise.

Example:-

Direct Speech	Indirect Speech
Hurrah! Ah! Aha!	Exclaimed with joy
Alas!	Exclaimed with sorrow
Fie! Fie!	Exclaimed with contempt

b). ‘That’ is used at the place of inverted comma.
Inverted comma के बदले  that का प्रयोग किया जाता है
c). Exclamatory sentence is changed into assertive sentence.
Exclamatory sentence को  assertive sentence में बदल दिया जाता है
d). Oh! Alas! Hurrah! etc. are removed in indirect speech.
Oh! Alas! Hurrah! को  indirect speech में हटा दिया जाता है

Example:-
Direct- She said, “What a beautiful place it is!”
Indirect- She exclaimed with joy that it was very beautiful place.

Direct- Kajal said’ “What an idea!”
Indirect- Kajal exclaimed with joy that it was an extraordinary idea.

Direct- They said, “Hurrah! We have won the match.”
Indirect- They exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.

Direct- Reshmi said, “Alas! He is no more.”
Indirect- Reshmi exclaimed with sorrow that he was no more.

Direct- Zaid said, “What beautiful girl she is!”
Indirect- Zaid exclaimed with joy that she was very beautiful girl.

Exercise

                    i.            He said, “He went to Patna.”

                  ii.            I said to him, “What is your name?”

                  iii.            He said, “I am busy.”

                  iv.            She said, “I am going.”

                    v.            Tom said to me, “I will give you a pen.”

                    vi.            He said, “He works hard.”

           vii.            They said, “We are going to study.”

           viii.            She said, “I am happy.”

                     ix.            Mohan said to me, “You are intelligent.”

                     x.            We said to them, “He will help Gupta.”

                   xi.            He says, “I go to Delhi.”

                  xii.            She says, “He plays tennis.”

         xiii.            He said, “I want to read.”

         xiv.            She said to me, “Where are you going?”

                 xv.            He said to me, “Are you a doctor?”

          xvi.            The girl said, “He gave me a pen.”

         xvii.            The teacher says to me, “If you work hard, you will pass.”

         xviii.            Ali said to me, “Where had you gone yesterday?”

          xix.            She asked me, “What do you want?”

                   xx.            He said to me, “Are you coming?”

          xxi.            She said, “Did he come from America?”

          xxii.            She said, “They can’t solve this problem.”

          xxiii.            He said, “Please give me a book.”

           xxiv.            He said, “I love this town.”

          xxv.            They said to me, “Do you like watching match?”

          xxvi.            He said to me, “Be active.”

         xxvii.            She said to mother, “I have done this.”

         xxviii.            She said to me, “What have you decided to do.”

          xxix.            He said to me, “Will you be there tomorrow?”

          xxx.            My mother said to me, Consult a doctor.”

          xxxi.            The old man said to me, “Please help me.”

           xxxii.            The teacher said to him, “Love your parents,”

           xxxiii.            The teacher said, “Work hard.”

           xxxiv.            The teacher said, “Stars twinkle in the sky.”

           xxxv.            The doctor said to the patient, “Quit smoking.”

         xxxvi.            The officer said to the clerk, “Do it immediately.”

          xxxvii.            He said, “Bring a glass of water.”

           xxxviii.            He said, “How fast he runs!”

            xxxix.            She said, “What a lovely flower it is!”

                    xl.            He said, “Two and two makes four.”